Canine and feline viral dermatoses with a particular emphasis to papillomavirus infections

Erythema multiforme major was diagnosed in a dog with necrotizing parvoviral enteritis. Skin lesions consisted of ulceration of the footpads, pressure points, mouth, and vaginal mucosa; vesicles in the oral cavity; and erythematous patches on the abdomen and perivulvar skin. Microscopic examination of mucosal and haired skin specimens revealed lymphocyte-associated keratinocyte apoptosis at various levels of the epidermis. Basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions were seen in basal and suprabasal keratinocytes. Immunohistochemical staining, performed with canine parvovirus-2–specific monoclonal antibodies, confirmed the parvovirus nature of the inclusions in the nucleus and cytoplasm of oral and skin epithelial cells. This is the first case of canine erythema multiforme reported to be caused by a viral infection of keratinocytes. This case study indicates that the search for epitheliotropic viruses should be attempted in cases of erythema multiforme in which a drug cause cannot be identified.